Updated with expanded coverage of twenty-first century architecture, this new edition uniquely comprises a detailed survey of Western architecture as well as architecture from the Middle East, Africa, Central and South America, India, Russia, China and Japan. Significant revision also includes photographs and textual discussion of around 50 new buildings.

Written in a clear and engaging style, the text encourages readers to examine the pragmatic, innovative and aesthetic attributes of buildings. Artistic, economic, environmental, political, social and technological contexts are discussed. The global reach of the text is matched by a rich assortment of photographs from around the world and a greater array of detailed line drawings than in any architectural survey.

The authors have created a formidable body of work that ranges over much of the world’s architectural heritage and testifies to some of the greatest achievements of the human spirit

About the Author
Michael Fazio is emeritus professor of architecture at Mississippi State University.

The late Marian Moffett taught architectural history at the University of Tennessee. Her publications include A History of Western Architecture (1989), with Lawrence Wodehouse.

Lawrence Wodehouse, also deceased, taught architectural history at the University of Dundee and various American universities. His many books included British Architects, 1840 to 1976 (1978) and White of McKim, Mead, and White (1988).

Contents:

PREFACE  
INTRODUCTION  1
A Word about Drawings and Images  5

CHAPTER 1 THE BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE  9
Prehistoric Settlements and Megalith Constructions  10
Ancient Mesopotamia  14
Ancient Egypt  20
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  33

CHAPTER 2 THE GREEK WORLD  35
The Aegean Cultures  35
The Minoans  36
The Mycenaeans  39
Greece: The Archaic Period  44
Greece: The Classical Period  47
Greece: The Hellenistic Period  54
Greek City Planning  58
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  61

CHAPTER 3 THE ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA  63
Religions of India  65
Early Buddhist Shrines  66
Hindu Temples  71
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  79

CHAPTER 4 THE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF CHINA AND JAPAN  81
Chinese Architectural Principles  84
Principles of City Planning  87
Houses and Gardens  90
Japanese Temple Architecture  94
Japanese Houses and Castles  98
Zen Buddhist Architecture and Its Derivatives  101
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  103

CHAPTER 5 THE ROMAN WORLD  105
Entruscan Imprints  105
The Romans  107
Building Techniques and Materials  108
City Planning  111
Temples  118
Public Buildings  120
Residences  125
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  130

CHAPTER 6 EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE  133
Early Christian Basilicas  134
Martyria, Baptistries, and Mausolea  136
Byzantine Basilicas and Domed Basilicas  139
Centrally Planned Byzantine Churches  143
Churches in Russia  146
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  151

CHAPTER 7 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE  153
Early Shrines and Palaces  154
Conception of the Mosque  156
Regional Variations in Mosque Design  157
Houses and Urban Patterns  170
The Palace and the Garden  172
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  174

CHAPTER 8 EARLY MEDIEVAL AND ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE  177
Carolingian Architecture  178
Viking Architecture  184
Early Romanesque Architecture  188
Romanesque Architecture of the Holy Roman Empire  190
Pilgrimage Road Churches  194
The Order of Cluny  198
Aquitaine and Provence  202
Cistercian Monasteries  205
Norman Architecture  208
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  210

CHAPTER 9 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE  213
Early Gothic  214
High Gothic  220
English Gothic  226
German, Czech, and Italian Gothic  235
Medieval Construction  239
Medieval Houses and Castles  240
Medieval Cities  244
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  248

CHAPTER 10 INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE IN THE AMERICAS AND AFRICA  251
North America  251
Mexico and Central America  259
South America: The Andean World  269
Africa  274
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  284

CHAPTER 11 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE  287
Filippo Brunelleschi  288
Michelozzo Bartolomeo and the Palazzo Medici  293
Leon Battista Alberti  294
The Spread of the Renaissance  299
Leonardo Da Vinci  300
Donato Bramante  301
Michelangelo  310
Andrea Palladio  317
Palladio’s Venice  323
Garden Design  326
The Renaissance in France  328
The Renaissance in England  333
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  338

CHAPTER 12 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE  341
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation  341
Pope Sixtus V and the Replanning of Rome  343
Gianlorenzo Bernini  345
Francesco Borromini  348
Urban Open Spaces in Baroque Rome  352
The Spread of Baroque Architecture to Northern Italy  357
The Baroque in Central Europe  359
The Baroque in France  365
Christopher Wren and the Baroque in England  371
Nicholas Hawksmoor, Sir John Vanbrugh, and James Gibbs  376
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  378

CHAPTER 13 NEO-CLASSICISM, ROMANTICISM, AND THE ROCOCO  381
The Rococo  381
The English Neo-Palladians  381
The Return to Antiquity  386
The Style Created by Robert Adam  386
William Chambers, An English Neo-Classicist Trained in France  388
Architectural Education and Architectural Theory in France  390
The Inventive Neo-Classicism of Etienne-Louis Boullée and Claude-Nicolas Ledoux  390
Other Neo-Classical Architects in France  393
The Distinctive Style of Sir John Soane in England  397
The German Neo-Classicism of Karl Friedrich Schinkel  398
Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and Neo-Classicism in the United States  401
Romanticism and the Picturesque  405
The Romantic Landscape  405
Picturesque Buildings  406
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  408

CHAPTER 14 ECLECTICISM, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND NEWNESS  411
The Challenge of the Industrial Revolution  411
Developments in Steel  413
Iron and Glass Greenhouse Designs  414
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and Rational Design  417
Henri Labrouste and His Library Designs  417
Gustave Eiffel and His Tower  418
Skeletal Construction in Concrete and Wood  419
A. W. N. Pugin, the Gothic Revival, and Opposition to Industrialization  420
John Ruskin and the Arts and Crafts Movement  422
The Art Nouveau  426
The Viennese Secession  433
The Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Richard Morris Hunt, and Frank Furness  435
Henry Hobson Richardson and the Search for an American Style  438
McKim, Mead, and White  442
The First Skyscrapers  443
Louis Henri Sullivan and the Tall Building “Artistically Considered”  447
The World’s Columbian Exposition  451
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  451

CHAPTER 15 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND MODERNISM  455
The Idea of a Modern Architecture  455
Adolf Loos  457
Frank Lloyd Wright  459
H. P. Berlage and Wendingen  466
German Expressionism  469
The Deutscher Werkbund and Peter Behrens  472
Exploiting the Potential of Concrete  475
Le Corbusier  476
Walter Gropius  482
De Stijl  485
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe  488
The Continuation of Traditional Design  493
Art Deco or Style Moderne  494
The Ongoing Modernist Program  500
Later Work of Frank Lloyd Wright  500
Later Work of Le Corbusier  507
Diaspora and the Later Work of Mies Van der Rohe  510
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  512

CHAPTER 16 MODERNISMS IN THE MID- AND LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND  515
Modern Regionalism  515
A Regional Modernism in Japan  523
Counterproposals to Modernism  524
Modern Classicism and Ongoing Traditionalism  529
Deconstruction  534
Modern Form-Makers  535
Modern Materials and Technologies  554
Conclusions About Architectural Ideas  581

Glossary  582, Bibliography  587, Picture Credits  592, I